Lavoro e occupazione

An Empirical Analysis of Working-Hours Constraints in Twenty-one Countries

Description: 

The aim of this paper is to analyze working-hour constraints in an international setting. We use data from the latest Work Orientations data set of the International Social Survey Program (ISSP). The survey was conducted in 1997 and, in this paper, data for twenty-one countries are used. Our main results are: (1) In most countries the majority of workers do not face hours constraints; (2) Of the workers that are constrained, the largest portion is underemployed. Only in Denmark, Norway, and Switzerland is this not the case; (3) Workers in the five Eastern European countries considered here are among the most constrained; (4) A comparison with the 1989 ISSP data set reveals that hours constraints have increased in Israel, the United States, and West Germany and decreased in Great Britain and Norway in the 1990s; (5) GDP per capita and unemployment levels are correlated with hours constraints; (6) A multivariate analysis shows that certain socio-demographic characteristics and work conditions influence hours constraints and that these factors differ across countries.

The Determinants and Wage Effects of Course-Related Training of Elderly Workers in Switzerland

A Cross-National Analysis of Hours Constraints

Arbeitszeitpolitik: Eine Analyse der gewünschten Arbeitszeit, der Überstunden und der Stundenrestriktionen in der Schweiz

Description: 

"In der Studie werden die gewünschten Arbeitszeiten, die Überstunden und die Stundenrestriktionen der abhängig Erwerbstätigen in der Schweiz analysiert. Als Datenbasis verwenden die Autoren einerseits die Schweizerische Arbeitskräfteerhebung (SAKE) des Jahres 1998. Dabei wird folgendes deutlich: (i) Die meisten Schweizer Arbeitnehmer sind mit ihrer Arbeitszeit/Lohn-Kombination durchaus zufrieden, wenn man die gewünschte mit der vertraglich vereinbarten Arbeitszeit vergleicht. (ii) Der grösste Teil der Arbeitnehmer, die Stundenrestriktionen empfinden, möchte lieber kürzer arbeiten und entsprechend weniger verdienen (17 % der männlichen und 22 % der weiblichen ARbeitskräfte). (iii) Es besteht sowohl für Männer als auch für Frauen ein Mangel an Teilzeitstellen vor allem für hochqualifizierte Arbeitskräfte. (iv) Männer und Frauen leisten im Durchschnitt 3,15 bzw. 1,69 Überstunden pro Woche. Überstunden werden in den meisten Fällen durch Freizeit, weniger häufig gar nicht und in den selteneren Fällen durch Geldleistungen kompensiert. (v) Ein Vergleich zwischen der tatsächlichen und der gewünschten Arbeitszeit ergibt, dass ein bedeutender Anteil an Arbeitnehmern Stundenrestriktionen erleidet. Das äussert sich darin, dass diese es vorziehen würden, kürzer zu arbeiten. Andererseits zeigen die Autoren anhand der Daten des International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) von 1997, dass (i) Schweizer Arbeitnehmer im internationalen Verleich mit ihrer gegenwärtigen Arbeitszeit/Lohn-Kombination sehr zufrieden sind und (ii) die Schweiz jedoch über den höchsten Anteil an Arbeitnehmern verfügt, die kürzer arbeiten und damit weniger verdienen möchten. Aus den Ergebnissen der Analyse werden schliesslich einige wirtschaftspolitische Empfehlungen abgeleitet." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Analyzing Job Mobility with Job Turnover Intentions: An International Comparative Study

Description: 

This study analyzed job-turnover intentions in twenty-five countries with data from the 1997 International Social Survey Program. Results show that high turnover intentions, measured as the proportion of employed individuals that report a very likely change of job in the next 12 months, can be observed in Canada, 17.0 percent, the U.S., 14.3 percent, and Great Britain, 14.3 percent. Low turnover intentions are encountered in Japan, 1.8 percent, Spain, 3.0 percent, and several Eastern European countries. The determinants of turnover intentions are, in a number of cases, the same as those observed in many studies on actual turnovers. Determinants of turnover intentions do vary substantially among countries. However, union membership, public-sector employment, job satisfaction, job security, and firm pride are significant in most countries. The high turnover intentions observed in Great Britain, France, and, to a lesser extent, Canada can be explained by the subjective measures considered in this study. Especially Great Britain and France have very low rankings of job satisfaction, job security, advancement opportunities, and firm pride. Despite having the same turnover intentions, Great Britain and the United States differ substantially with regard to the subjective determinants. Whereas the high turnover intentions in Great Britain can be explained by the relatively poor perceived job satisfaction, job security, and firm pride, high turnover intentions in the United States coexist with relatively high levels of job satisfaction, job security, advancement opportunities, firm pride, and, most notably, good perceived labor market opportunities.

The Gift of Trust: A Poisoned Chalice?

Professors on Corporate Boards

Social Capital of the Governance Structure and Its Impact on CEO Dismissal: How Network Properties affect the Likelihood of forced CEO Departure

Description: 

This study focuses on the impact of social relations on the functioning of the governance structure. Social capital which accrues from the dyadic and network relationships between the CEO, the board of directors and corporate owners is argued to have multiple and very different effects on the likelihood of dismissing a poorly performing CEO than has financial capital as captured by the actors' level of shareholdings and the amount of their voting rights. Data from a sample of Swiss companies collected over the period 2000-2004 were employed. Results indicate that poorly performing companies are more likely to dismiss their CEO in the event of proximity and strong ties between the CEO and corporate owners and in the event of highly heterogeneous ownership structure.

Analyzing Job Mobility with Job Turnover Intentions : An International Comparative Study

Tâches, attributions et rôle du conseil d'administration dans les entreprises cantonales et communales

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