Lehrabbrüche können unter anderem durch Prüfungsangst, finanzielle Probleme, den relativ niedrigen Lehrlingslohn oder eingeschränkte Beschäftigungsaussichten bedingt sein. Zu diesem Schluss gelangt die deutsche Untersuchung «Ökonomische
Analyse von Ausbildungsabbrechern»1. Die beiden Autorinnen schlagen für Jugendliche, welche nur einen kurzfristigen Planungshorizont haben, ein Case Management vor.
Wer eine berufliche und eine akademische Ausbildung kombiniert, wird vom Arbeitsmarkt belohnt. Das gilt insbesondere für die Laufbahn als Unternehmerin
oder Unternehmer. Für diese ist demgegenüber das zukünftige Einkommen unsicherer als für Arbeitnehmende. Werden die Passerellen zwischen den beiden Bildungstypen weiter erleichtert, dürfte die Bildungsrendite noch steigen.
Central examinations—that is, centrally set and marked exams—have often been discussed as an instrument for improving educational outcomes. The aim of our study was to determine whether central exams have an impact not only on educational but also on labour market outcomes. We explain school quality choice through the incentives created by central exams vs. non-central exams and model the resulting students' schooling decisions and employers' wage decisions. We use the German Abitur and the variation among the German federal states with respect to central exams as a quasi-experimental design for alternative educational quality regimes. As hypothesised from our theoretical analysis, the percentage of Abitur holders increases more quickly in quality regimes without central exams than with central exams. However, as theoretically expected in the case of a pooled labour market, the wage premium decreases not only for Abitur-holders without central exams but also for all Abitur-holders. This is due to the quality deterioration in the states without central exams which spills over into a pooled labour market. Thus, graduates from states with central exams and higher educational standards 'pay' for the quality deterioration of educational standards in states without central exams.
The Handbook of Research on Global Corporate Citizenship identifies and fosters key interdisciplinary research on corporate citizenship and provides a framework for academic debate on corporate responsibility in a global society. Leading academics have been invited from various disciplines such as management studies, economics, sociology, legal studies and political science to evaluate the concept of corporate citizenship and to analyze the role of private business in global governance and the production of global public goods. In this chapter, Andreas Georg Scherer and Guido Palazzo briefly discuss the role of the business firm in a globalized world and point to corporate citizenship as a global challenge. Additionally, the chapter provides an overview of the content of the Handbook of Research on Global Corporate Citizenship and offers a short summary of each chapter.
The New Institutional Economics made various contributions to the field of innovation management. Two specific areas of contribution are highlighted in this paper. The discussion of intellectual property protection starts with the classical concept of balancing the incentives to create new ideas against the benefits of society from disseminating these ideas. Whenever innovation processes become interactive and cumulative strong intellectual property protection may have dysfunctional effects raising the transaction costs in markets for technologies. These transaction costs play an important role in the second discussion addressed in the paper, which deals with the appropriability mechanisms of innovators. Starting with the strategies of innovating firms to obtain economic returns from their innovations the analysis ultimately proceeds to the “strange” appropriability mechanisms of small innovators in open source software development.
