This paper intends to provide an evaluation of where the economic research on happiness stands and in which interesting directions it might develop. First, the current state of the research on happiness in economics is briefly discussed. We emphasize the potential of happiness research in testing competing theories of individual behavior. Second, the crucial issue of causality is taken up illustrating it for a particular case, namely whether marriagenmakes people happy or whether happy people get married. Third, happiness research is takennup as a new approach to measuring utility in the context of cost-benefit analysis.
A global signaling game is a sender-receiver game in which the sender is only imperfectly informed about the receiver's preferences. The paper considers an economically relevant class of signaling games that possessnmore than one Perfect Bayesian equilibrium. For this class of games, it is shown that a Perfect Bayesian equilibrium is una®ected by a small perturbation of the information structure if and only if it is consistent with a criterionnsuggested by Cho and Kreps (1987). Moreover, the equilibrium in the globalnsignaling game is essentially unique.
We consider economies with additively separable utility functions and give conditions for the two-agents case under which the existencenof sunspot equilibria is equivalent to the occurrence of the transfer paradox.nThis equivalence enables us to show that sunspots cannot matter if the initial economy has a unique spot market equilibrium and there are only twoncommodities or if the economy has a unique equilibrium for all distributions of endowments induced by asset trade. For more than two agents the equivalence breaks and we give an example for sunspot equilibria even though theneconomy has a unique equilibrium for all distributions of endowments inducednby asset trade.
"Corporate scandals, reflected in excessive management compensation and fraudulent accounts, cause great damage. Agency theory’s insistence to link the compensation of mangers and directors as closely as possible to firm performance is a major reason for these scandals.nThey cannot be overcome by improving variable pay for performance as selfish extrinsicnmotivation is reinforced. Based on the common pool approach to the firm, institutions arenproposed, serving to raise intrinsically motivated corporate virtue. More importance is to benattributed to fixed pay and strengthening the legitimacy of authorities by procedural fairness, relational contracts and organizational citizenship behavior."
We model the interbank market for overnight credit with heterogeneous banks and asymmetric information. An unsophisticated bank justntrades to compensate its liquidity imbalance, while a sophisticated bank willnexploit its private information about the liquidity situation in the market. It is shown that with positive probability, the liquidity effect (Hamilton, 1997) is reversed, i.e., a liquidity drainage from the banking system may generatenan overall decrease in the market rate. The phenomenon does not disappear when the number of banks increases. We also show that private information mitigates the effect of an unexpected liquidity shock on the market rate, suggesting a conservative information policy from a central bank perspective.
Insurance companies invest their wealth in financial markets. The wealth evolution strongly depends on the success of their investment strategies, but also on liquidity shocks which occur during unfavourable years, when indemnities to be paid to thenclients exceed collected premia. An investment strategy that does not take liquidity shocks into account, exposes insurance companies to the risk of bankruptcy, when liquidity shocks and low investment payoffs jointly appear. Therefore, regulatory authorities impose solvency restrictions to ensure that insurance companies are able tonface their obligations with high probability. This paper analyses the behaviour of insurance companies in an evolutionary framework. We show that an insurance company that merely satisfies regulatory constraints will eventually vanish from the market. We give a more restrictive no bankruptcy condition for the investment strategies and we characterize trading strategies that are evolutionary stable, i.e. able to drive out any mutation.
"This paper discusses a novel approach to elicit people’s preferences fornpublic goods, namely the life satisfaction approach. Reported subjective well-beingndata are used to directly evaluate utility consequences of public goods. The strengthsnof this approach are compared to traditional approaches and identification issues arenaddressed. Moreover, it is applied to estimate utility losses caused by terroristnactivities in France, the UK and the Republic of Ireland. Terrorism in these countriesndepresses life satisfaction in a sizeable and robust way. However, the calculation ofnthe trade-off between terrorism and income requires improved measurement of thenmarginal utility of income."
"The 1-shot alpha-beauty contest is a non-equilibrium strategic game under bounded rationality conditions, while equilibrium is approached if the game is played iteratively sufficientlynmany times. Experimental data of the 1-shot setting of the 0-equilibrium game show a common pattern: The spectrum of announced numbers is a superposition of a skew backgroundndistribution and a regime of extra ordinarily often chosen numbers. Our model is capable ofnquantitatively reproducing this observation in non-equilibrium as well as the convergence to-nwards equilibrium in the iterative setting. The approach is based on two basic assumptions:n1.) Players iteratively update their recent guesses in the sense of eductive reasoning and 2.)nPlayers estimate intervals rather than exact numbers to cope with incomplete knowledge innnon-equilibrium. The width of the interval is regarded as a measure for the confidence ofnthe players' respective guess. It is shown analytically that the sequence of guessed numbers approaches a (finite) limit within only very few iterations. Moreover, if all playersnhave infinite confidence in their respective guesses, the asymptotic Winning Number equalsnthe rational Nash equilibrium 0, while if players have only finite confidence in their recentnguess, the Winning Number in the 1-shot setting is strictly larger than 0. Our model is alsoncapable of quantitatively describing the ""path into equilibrium"". Convergence is shown tonbe polynomial in the number of rounds played. The predictions of our model are in goodnquantitative agreement with real data for various alpha-beauty contest games.n "
"Consider a society where all agents initially play fair"" and one agentninvents a cheating"" strategy such as doping in sports. Which factorsndetermine the success of the new cheating strategy? In order to studynthis question we consider an evolutionary game with heterogenous agentsnwho can either play fair or cheat. We model heterogeneity by assumingnthat the players are either high or low types. Three factors determinenthe imitation dynamics of the model: the location and the type of theninnovator, the distribution of types, and the information available to thenagents. In particular we *nd that the economy is more likely to end up inna state where all agents cheat if the innovator is of low type or when thenagents are maximally segregated."
This paper tests the effect of a matching mechanism on donations in a controlled fieldnexperiment. We match the donations of students at the University of Zurich who, each semester,nhave to decide whether they wish to contribute to two Social Funds. Our results support thenhypothesis that a matching mechanism increases contributions to a public good. However, theneffect depends on the extent to which the contributions are matched. Whereas a 25 percentnincrease of a donation does not increase the willingness to contribute, a 50 percent increase doesnhave an effect. In addition, people need to be socially inclined to react to the matchingnmechanism. The field experiment provides some evidence suggesting that the matchingnmechanism crowds-out the intrinsic motivation of giving.
