Employer branding (EB) has become an important toolkit for human resources. It focuses communicating an attractive employer image to current and potential employees by integrating marketing concepts into HR activities. Marketing researchers have established the relationship between employee satisfaction and loyalty, and customer satisfaction, and company profit by investigating the Service Profit Chain (SPC). Furthermore, Internal Branding (IB) is a concept to align employees' behavior in order to generate a competitive advantage. We now use a very crucial concept to marketing, the customer value (CV) concept for combining EB, the SPC and IB. More detailed, we apply the CV concept to further research the link between a company's ability to create value for their employees and the employee's job satisfaction and identification. Hereby, an EB model constituting of five dimensions is established and verified across genders to examine different satisfaction and identification patterns between the employer brand dimensions. The analysis employs a quantitative survey that encompassed 2,189 employees of an insurance company. The results indicate a positive relationship between the employer branding dimensions and employees' satisfaction and identification with the company.
Insurance contracts may fail to perform, leading to a total or partial default on valid claims. We extend models of such probabilistic insurance to allow for ambiguity in contract nonperformance risk, and derive formally that mean-preserving ambiguity reduces demand. The results of a field lab experiment are consistent with this logic. In particular, we find that a 10 percent contract nonperformance risk reduces insurance demand by 17.1 percentage points even when premiums are adjusted accordingly. Ambiguity about this contract nonperformance probability further decreases demand by 14.5 percentage points. While the demand-reducing effect of ambiguity is more pronounced for high-numeracy and ambiguity-averse individuals, it appears to be little affected by experience. The cause of an insurance contract failing to perform does not significantly influence the strength of these effects, but independently affects demand of low-numeracy and ambiguity-averse individuals.
This paper discusses the adequacy of insurance for managing cyber risk. To this end, we extract 994 cases of cyber losses from an operational risk database and analyse their statistical properties. Based on the empirical results and recent literature, we investigate the insurability of cyber risk by systematically reviewing the set of criteria introduced by Berliner (1982). Our findings emphasise the distinct characteristics of cyber risks compared with other operational risks and bring to light significant problems resulting from highly interrelated losses, lack of data and severe information asymmetries. These problems hinder the development of a sustainable cyber insurance market. We finish by discussing how cyber risk exposure may be better managed and make several sug-gestions for future research.
