Notre étude sur l'évolution du corps intermédiaire de l'Université de Genève a été effectuée à partir de la base de données portant sur l'ensemble du personnel de l'Université mise à disposition par le Rectorat, grâce notamment à l'appui de Madame Ruth Wagner du service du personnel. Ces données, tirées des fichiers du personnel de l'Université, fournissent des informations personnelles ainsi que des données professionnelles.
Le 1er juin 2002, la libre circulation des personnes est entrée en vigueur. Depuis cette date, les ressortissants suisses et ceux de l'UE ont le droit de choisir librement leur lieu de travail et de domicile au sein de la Suisse et de l’Union européenne sous condition qu'ils (elles) possèdent un contrat de travail valide ou exercent une activité indépendante. Les ressortissants extérieurs à l’UE et ceux n’exerçant aucune activité professionnelle doivent disposer au moins de moyens financiers suffisants et d'une assurance maladie. Les accords sur la libre circulation des personnes visent d’une part à faciliter la reconnaissance réciproque des diplômes professionnels et d’autre part à coordonner les régimes nationaux de sécurité sociale. Si la libre circulation des personnes garantit aux travailleurs une mobilité accrue à l'intérieur de l'Europe, elle permet également aux entreprises de détacher du personnel à l'étranger (p. ex. pour la mise en place et la maintenance des équipements et des machines) et d'en recruter au-delà du bassin de recrutement traditionnel et local.
Ce rapport fait suite à une demande émanant du Conseil d’État à travers le département de la sécurité, de la police et de l'environnement et dont le mandat a été confié au Professeur Flückiger actuel vice-recteur de l’Université de Genève. L’objectif de ce mandat consiste à fournir un tableau aussi complet que possible de la population clandestine dans le canton de Genève. Un premier rapport avait été réalisé par l’Observatoire en 2004 mais il ne concernait que la population clandestine travaillant dans le secteur de l’économie domestique. Le présent travail s’inscrit dans la continuité de ce premier rapport avec une perspective plus large où tous les travailleurs clandestins seront pris en compte indépendamment du secteur d’activité. Ainsi que discuté plus en avant, le secteur de l’économie domestique reste le principal pourvoyeur d’emplois pour cette population, de sorte que les résultats obtenus ne contrastent pas énormément par rapport à ceux du premier rapport.
The effective market access granted to textiles and apparel under the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is estimated, taking into account the presence of rules of origin. First, estimates are provided of the effect of tariff preferences combined with rules of origin on the border prices of Mexican final goods exported to the United States and of U.S. intermediate goods exported to Mexico, based on eight-digit Harmonized System tariff-line data. A third of the estimated rise in the border price of Mexican apparel products is found to compensate for the cost of complying with NAFTA's rules of origin, and NAFTA is found to have raised the price of U.S. intermediate goods exported to Mexico by around 12 percent, with downstream rules of origin accounting for a third of that increase. Second, simulations are used to estimate welfare gains for Mexican exporters from preferential market access under NAFTA. The presence of rules of origin is found to approximately halve these gains.
This paper estimates the effective market-access granted under NAFTA in textiles and apparel by combining two approaches. First, we estimate the effect of tariff preferences and rules of origin on the border prices of Mexican final goods exported to the US and of US intermediates exported to Mexico. We find that one third of the estimated rise in the border price of Mexican apparel products compensates for the cost of complying with NAFTA's rules of origin. We also find that the price of US intermediates exported to Mexico is raised significantly by the presence of rules of origin downstream. Second, simulations from a structural model inspired by our econometric estimates, suggest little market-access improvement for Mexican exporters.
The “distance effect” measuring the elasticity of trade flows to distance has been to be rising since the early 1970s in a host of studies based on the gravity model, leading observers to call it the “distance puzzle”. We review the evidence and explanations. Using an extensive data set of 124 countries over the period 1970-2005, we confirm the existence of this puzzle and identify that it only applies to poor countries (the bottom third in per capita income terms in our sample—i.e. the low-income countries according to the World Bank classification, 2006). We show that this group has intensified trade with closer partners and have chosen new partners that are closer than existing partners, leading to a regionalization of their trade at both extensive and intensive margins (regionalization of trade is absent for the other countries). Combining several methods on cross-section and panel estimates of the gravity equation, we estimate that low-income countries exhibit a significant rising distance effect on their trade around 18% between 1970 and 2006 while there is no more distance “puzzle” for trade within richer countries (the top third in per capita income terms in our sample). We dispose of several previous explanations of the puzzle, and note that this regionalization could well be a reflection of both increased integration of this group of countries in the world economy or a greater marginalization.
Once again the Doha Round negotiators are struggling to reach an agreement, this time by mid-December on a “plan B” package that would give increased market access to Least Developed Countries (LDCs) in the form of duty-free-quota free (DFQF) access accompanied by simplified rules of origin. Estimating ‘effective market access' to the two largest ‘preference-givers', the US and EU preferences, this note shows that remaining market access left for the LDCs is negligible at around 3 percent in the EU but negative in the US (because textiles are excluded from the Generalized System of Preferences). An accompanying note assesses that the administrative costs that have to be borne to meet the origin requirements to obtain preferential status in OECD markets is likely to wipe out any remaining effective market access computed here, implying negligible market access to be obtained under “plan B”.
This paper investigates the dynamic effects of rainfall shocks on agroecosystems productivity. The analysis estimates a panel data model of cereal production in southern Italy. It documents the adverse effects of a reduction in rainfall on the agroecosystem productivity both in the short run and the long run. It investigates how increasing the level of spatial crop diversity can mitigate this negative impact. The empirical evidence shows how higher diversity supports resilience and maintains the system productivity under challenging climatic conditions.
