Université de Genève

Three important financial stability issues in banking

Description: 

In his presidential address, Zingales (2015) observes that large parts of society perceive finance as a rent-seeking activity and that complex financial regulation is prone to arbitrage and capture. In my dissertation, I investigate whether there is some truth in these allegations. In Chapter 1, I estimate the extent of regulatory arbitrage by banks in the securitization market. In Chapters 2 and 3, I show how incentive structures in credit rating agencies and banks can explain credit rating bias and excessive risk-taking, respectively. My findings have important implications for the design of financial regulation.

Beyond tariffs: three essays on non-conventional impediments to trade

Description: 

This thesis explores the impact that two types of non-conventional barriers - non-tariff measures (NTMs) and cultural traits - have on trade. The first essay deals with the asymmetric impact that NTMs can have on trading partners and provides estimates of the bilateral effects of NTMs (in terms of ad valorem equivalents) across exporter-importer pairs. The second essay finds support that, at the global level, the negative impact of NTMs on trade is greater with respect to final goods (“NTM escalation”), but that there is a degree of NTM de-escalation as one moves from primary goods to intermediate goods. The third essay investigates what role, if any, that the cultural traits of trust propensity and agreeableness might have on international trade and shows that their impact is limited when considered in isolation, but that trust propensity has a strong and positive effect on trade when it is interacted with distance.

Essays in financial econometrics

Description: 

The recent events since the onset of the subprime crisis in 2007 have put forward the central role of the financial market in developed economies and its close linkages with other markets, such as the sovereign one. The extreme (co)variations in the financial market are difficult to explain by the value of the fundamentals, and factors like investor sentiment, liquidity and simultaneous comovement are privileged. This thesis contributes in better understanding the role of these factors in explaining highly debated topics of international financial markets such as (i) the predictability of their returns, (ii) the commonality in liquidity, and (iii) several overlooked aspects in the modeling of market comovement.

Measurement and effects of home care policy on health care use

Description: 

This dissertation focuses on the measurement of regional home care policy and its effects on health care utilization. It brings three main contributions. First, it provides causal evidence on the effects of home care policy generosity on hospitalizations, doctor visits, and nursing home use. Variations in generosity across the Swiss cantons and over time are used to identify the effects of canton home care policy. The endogeneity of that policy is addressed by using instrumental variables. Second, comprehensive measures of regional home care policy are developed. Two dimensions of generosity are measured as latent variables using factor analysis: the Participation and Intensity dimensions (i.e. how many persons have access to home care services and how much care is provided to home care users). Third, it proposes a bias correction to the OLS estimator for linear regression with factor scores (i.e. estimated values of latent variables such as home care policy).

Essays on location choice: agglomeration, amenities and housing

Description: 

Why do people live where they live and what are the consequences of these decisions? People and firms allocate themselves unevenly across space. In spite of large costs incurred when living in metropolitan areas, economic agents remain extremely concentrated in a finite number of cities. This thesis explores several factors that may influence these location decisions and their effect on economic agents. The first essay questions the role of cultural amenities in explaining the location of firms and residents across American cities. Next, the second essay examines a consequence of the geographic concentration of workers. It evaluates the influence of urban density on the quality of the match between workers' education and their occupation. Finally, the last essay documents the importance of housing vacancies in France. It examines how distance and access to the city center affect the housing vacancy rate in suburban municipalities.

Discrete choice pseudo panel data models

Description: 

Les données de panel sont aujourd'hui d'une importance capitale dans l'analyse du comportement des micro-unités. Or dans beaucoup de pays, ces données n'existent pas encore. A la place, les chercheurs peuvent utiliser des enquêtes répétées. Dans un pareil cas, vu l'impossibilité de suivre la même unité dans le temps, on passe au niveau cohorte tout en introduisant l'hétérogénéité individuelle dans le modèle. Des cohortes construites selon des critères d'homogénéité sont les « individus » du nouveau panel. Cette approche est dite approche des données pseudo panel. Ainsi cette thèse comporte trois chapitres. Le premier traite de l'estimation de modèles à choix binaires avec des effets individuels quand on a des données pseudo-panels. Le deuxième propose une approximation de la distribution théorique exacte obtenue dans le premier chapitre, par la distribution beta. Le troisième chapitre analyse l'impact de l'autonomie des femmes sur l'utilisation des soins de santé en Inde avec des données pseudo-panels.

Media bias and media firm strategy

Description: 

Y-a-t-il des cas où la couverture médiatique des produits ou services des entreprises est biaisée négativement? Si oui, quels sont les facteurs qui déterminent ou favorisent le développement de ces biais? La partie empirique teste ces idées en s'appuyant sur une base de données construite à partir d'un large échantillon de 3991 articles de presse publiés par 46 journaux dans 17 pays principalement Européens et portant sur les aliments génétiquement modifiés. Trois grands résultats ressortent de ce travail et constituent sa contribution. 1) une confirmation qu'un sentiment fortement négatif concernant les aliments génétiquement modifiés se dégage des articles de presse 2) une preuve que les institutions des pays jouent un rôle important dans la détermination des biais dans la couverture médiatique des produits ou des technologies. 3) un résultat que les journaux les plus à même d'utiliser les biais comme stratégie de différentiation sont les journaux les moins idéologiquement marqués

Parametric and nonparametric analysis of simultaneous equation models with latent variables: theory and applications

Description: 

Cette thèse de doctorat est composée de trois chapitres. La principale contribution consiste à présenter deux cadres théoriques, paramétrique et non-paramétrique, pour faire des comparaisons et évaluations des concepts théoriques non-observables utilisés dans différents contextes tels que le bien-être, le développement, la santé et l'inégalité entre autres.Le premier chapitre présente le modèle paramétrique avec une méthode d'estimation et un exemple numérique avec des simulations. Le deuxième chapitre est une application, sur des données françaises, de ce type de modèles dans le contexte de la santé, en opérationnalisant l'approche des capabilités d'Amartya Sen. Finalement, le troisième chapitre consiste en une alternative non-paramétrique accompagnée d'une application sur des données indiennes dans le contexte du bien-être, pour tester la dominance stochastique multivariée de premier ordre.

On the transmission of prices and of market access shocks

Description: 

Two of the main shocks that affect international trade are price and tariff changes. The present thesis covers these two topics. The first chapter shows that the transmission of international agricultural prices to local producers is asymmetric, with downward price movements being transmitted more strongly than upward price movements. This seems to be due to the market power that intermediaries have on these markets. The second chapter looks at the way Peruvian firms are affected by market access conditions and it shows that it isn't only the direct tariff that firms face that plays a role but also the tariff he faces relative to the tariff that competitors from other countries face. The last chapter shows that the effect of these relative tariffs depends on the distance to the destination country, with the effect being stronger when exporting to closer countries.

Erwerbsabhängige Steuergutschriften: Möglichkeiten und Auswirkungen einer Einführung in der Schweiz

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