Umfassende Performance Management Systeme sollen die Implementierung von Strategien in Unternehmen verbessern und die Leistung nachhaltig erhöhen. Wie steht es um den Entwicklungsstand solcher Systeme in der Schweizer Unternehmenspraxis? Die nachfolgende Studie aus dem Jahr 2007 gibt Antworten bezüglich ihrer Ausgestaltung und Verwendung und zeigt Schwachstellen und Verbesserungspotentiale auf.
Ziel dieser Studie ist es, die Problematik der Einführung von Leistungsindikatoren als zusätzliches Führungsinstrument in der Nationalen Alarmzentrale – einer Bundesstelle der Schweiz mit vorwiegend hoheitlichen Aufgaben – zu untersuchen.
Development of the Decision Support System (DSS) used by the National Emergency Operations Centre in Switzerland began immediately after the accident at Chernobyl. The system will evaluate acceptable countermeasures following the accidental release of radioactivity in order to reduce ingestion dose. The DSS - not designed for the very early phase following the accidental release of radioactivity - contains four different modules: threat assessment, generation of countermeasures, specification and multi-criteria decision-making at a technical and political level. The project is now in a consolidation phase and the DSS is used mainly for generating exercise scenarios and for training the decision-makers. The Swiss DSS was developed with the help of all the responsible persons and organisations in Switzerland, especially the Army Staff who support the National Emergency Operations Centre in the event of an accidental release of radioactivity. Following intensive contacts with the various user groups during the development phase, suggestions and corrections have already been included at a very early stage of the project. An additional database for use by the Army Staff has been installed so that consequences with respect to the most important countermeasures and criteria can be generated automatically. One of the National Emergency Operations Centre's most important experiences with this kind of decision support was the need to integrate the system into its standard operating procedures. Integration is important not only for professional use, but also for the maintenance (new releases) and updating of databases. Without clearly defined responsibilities, such systems quickly lose their value and important knowledge and experience gets lost. Operational integration, maintenance and updating of databases are the main tasks which have to be guaranteed if a DSS is to be ready for use and effectively to support the decision-makers in crisis situations.
The radioecological model ECOSYS-87 was used to evaluate the effect of countermeasures for reducing the ingestion dose by eating cattle meat after an accidental release of radioactive material. Calculations were performed using a database adapted to Swiss conditions for the case that (1) contaminated grass or hay is replaced by clean fodder; (2) the last 100 days before slaughter, taking place one year after an accident, only uncontaminated fodder is given; and (3) alternative feeding regimes are chosen. Seasonal effects were considered by doing all calculations for a deposition at each month of the year. Feeding uncontaminated forage 100 d before slaughter (case 2) proved to be the most effective countermeasure and reduced the integrated activity in meat by 90% to 99%. The effect of replacing contaminated grass (case I) was less uniform and depended strongly on the time a deposition occurred. In this case the reduction was between 50% and 100% one year after deposition. The substitution of contaminated hay (case 1) was less effective compared to the substitution of grass. The choice of alternative feeding regimes (case 3) led to a reduction of the integrated activity of up to 40% one year after deposition. The present model calculations dearly reveal the importance of the seasonality and demonstrate the usefulness of such calculations as a basis for generating countermeasures in decision support systems.
Der Schweizer Postmarkt soll für die Konkurrenz geöffnet werden. Gleichzeitig soll die Grundversorgung – der so genannte Service Public – weiterhin gewährleistet sein. Mit der Marktöffnung wird dem ehemaligen Monopolisten die Grundlage zur Finanzierung der Grundversorgung entzogen.
Zur Sicherstellung der Grundversorgung im Wettbewerb muss der ehemalige Monopolanbieter deshalb für die zusätzlichen Kosten entschädigt werden, die ihm aus der Grundversorgungsverpflichtung entstehen. Im Folgenden werden die drei wichtigsten Methoden zur Kostenermittlung der Grundversorgung – Net Avoided Cost, Entry Pricing und Profitability Cost – beschrieben. Es wird beurteilt, für welche Fragestellungen sich welche Methoden eignen und worin deren Vor- und Nachteile liegen.
INTRODUCTION In recent years, the importance of income from broadcasting rights for professional sports clubs' revenues has increased significantly both in the U.S. and in Europe [see Cave and Crandall, 2001]. While up to the 1980s gate receipts have constituted the major pillar of revenues, this role has since been taken over by income out of broadcasting rights sales [Andreff and Staudohar, 2000].
